Research progress of structure design and acidity tuning of zeolites for the catalytic conversion of syngas
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摘要: 合成气催化转化是生物质或煤炭资源化清洁利用的重要路径,由此可获得烯烃和芳烃等多种高附加值碳氢化合物。分子筛由于具有独特的亚纳米孔道、可控活性位及分子择形性等优点,常被作为载体或直接作为活性组分用于催化合成气转化中C−C的形成和断裂等关键步骤。本综述总结了以分子筛负载金属、氧化物-分子筛(OX-ZEO)双功能以及核壳结构催化剂等直接催化转化合成气制备碳氢化合物的研究进展。重点介绍分子筛结构和酸性对反应路径和机理以及产物分布的影响,并展望分子筛催化合成气转化的未来发展方向。Abstract: The catalytic conversion of syngas to value-added hydrocarbons is an important strategy for the clean utilization of biomass and coal resources. Zeolites as supports and/or catalytic components are commonly used for C–C formation/cleavage in the syngas conversion, owing to their unique microporous structure, accurately tunable active sites, and molecular shape-selectivity. Herein, we have surveyed the research progress of direct conversion of syngas to hydrocarbons by using metal-loaded zeolites, bifunctional oxide-zeolite (OX-ZEO), and core-shell structured catalysts, focusing mainly on the influence of zeolite structure and acidity on the reaction mechanism as well as the product distribution for syngas conversion. In addition, an outlook is given on the perspective of zeolite synthesis and catalysis in the direct conversion of syngas.
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Key words:
- zeolite /
- Fischer-Tropsch synthesis /
- bifunctional catalysts /
- syngas /
- reaction mechanism /
- framework structure /
- acidity
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图 4 Co/Ymeso催化剂合成气转化催化性能[28]
Figure 4 Catalytic performance of Co/Ymeso in the transformation of syngas[28](a) FTS with conventional supports or Ymeso zeolites. Detailed product distribution over the Ymeso catalysts modified by different elements: (b) Co/Ymeso-Ce, (c) Co/Ymeso-La and (d) Co/Ymeso-K(with permission from Springer Nature)
图 7 拓扑结构对双循环传播的影响[64]
Figure 7 Impact of zeolite topology on the propagation of olefin- and aromatic-based cycles for the conversion of methanol to hydrocarbons (MTH) ((a), (b)): 8 MR zeolites, composed of large cavities with small window openings; ((c), (d)): 1D 10 MR zeolites; ((e), (f)): 3D 10 MR MFI zeolite; ((g), (h)): 1D 12 MR zeolite[64](with permission from Springer Nature)
图 10 MOR分子筛不同酸位对合成气、乙烯酮、甲醇转化反应的影响[53]
Figure 10 Hydrocarbon distributions in the conversion of syngas, ketene and methanol over different sites of MOR zeolites at 648 K (a)−(c): 8 MR acid sites; (d)−(f): 12 MR acid sites; (g)−(i): both the 8 MR and 12 MR acid sites; ((a), (d), (g)): syngas over ZnCrOx-MOR; ((b), (e), (h)); ketene conversion over MOR; ((c), (f), (i)): methanol conversion over MOR[53](with permission from Wiley)
图 12 酸性对双循环传播过程的影响[64]
Figure 12 Impact of acidity on the propagation of two cycles in MTH. dependence of selectivity to
${\rm{C}}_{3}^{{=}}$ (a) and aromatics (b) on the Si/Al ratio for the ZSM-5 zeolites summarized from literatures; the reaction process in the zeolite with low (c) and high (d) density of Brønsted acid site (BAS)[64](with permission from Springer Nature)图 13 ZnCrOx-SAPO-18双功能催化剂催化合成气转化的催化性能与硅铝比的关系[44]
Figure 13 Performance of the bifunctional ZnCrOx -SAPO-18 catalyst in syngas conversion as a function of the Si/Al ratio[44] (a): CO conversion and selectivity; (b): ratio of C3/C2 and olefins to paraffins (O/P) (with permission from American Chemical Society)
表 1 FTS反应的代表性金属负载催化剂
Table 1 Representative metal loaded catalysts of FTS reaction
Catalyst T/K p/MPa GHSV
/(mL·g−1·h−1)H2/CO CO
conv. /%CO2 sel. /% Main product /% Ref. mBulk Fe 613 2 1500 1 97 34 32a (0.57b) [8] Fe/α-Al2O3 80 40 53a (8.48b) Fe/CNF 88 42 52a (2.98b) Fe3O4 593 1.5 3000 2 97 44 35a [9] Fe3O4@SiO2 34 23 30a Fe/PANI 623 1 9000 2 79 44 47a [11] Co/SiO2 503 2 2400 1 37 − 60d (0.3c) [18] Co/Al2O3 39 − 56d (0.5c) Co/H-Y 36 − 72d (3.2c) Co/H-meso-Y 40 − 79d (2.7c) Co/SiO2 513 1 2240 2 20 − 0.07c [19] Co/Beta 30 − 2.43c Co/ASB 36 − 1.50c Ru/SiO2 533 2 2400 1 32 − 25e (0.42c) [16] Ru/Al2O3 40 − 22e (0.53c) Ru/TiO2 20 − 26e (1.1c) Ru/H-Mordenite 31 − 52e (1.8c) Ru/H-Beta 24 − 58e (3.3c) Ru/H-MCM-22 22 − 54e (4.1c) Ru/H-ZSM-5 25 − 47e (2.7c) Co/H-meso-ZSM-5-0.5M 513 2 2400 2 42 − 70e (2.3b) [20] 10%Fe/HZSM-5 593 2 4000 1 81 50 27 (60) [21] 25%Fe/HZSM-5 85 50 31 (70) a: Selectivity to ${\rm{C} }_{ {\rm{2-4} } }^{\rm{=} } $; b: FTY; c: Molar ratio of isoparaffins to n-paraffins; d: Selectivity to C5−20; e: Selectivity to C5−11;
f: Aromatics selectivity in C5+ hydrocarbons表 2 合成气催化转化代表性OX-ZEO双功能催化剂
Table 2 Representative OX-ZEO bifunctional catalysts of syngas catalytic conversion
Zeolite
topologyZeolite Oxide T/K p/MPa GHSV/
(mL·g−1·h−1)H2/CO CO
conv. /%CO2
sel. /%Main product /% Ref. ${\boldsymbol{ {\rm{C} } } }_{2-4}^{\rm{=} }$ C5+ CHA
(3D, 8 MR)SAPO-34 ZnCrOx 673 3.5 4800 2.5 17 41 80 − [34] SAPO-34 ZnO-ZrO2 673 1 3600 2 7 43 69 2 [34] SAPO-34 ZnAlOx 663 4 12000 1 7 33 78 4 [32] SAPO-34 MnOx 673 2.5 4800 2.5 7 43 79 5 [38] SAPO-34 ZnCeZrO4 573 1 5400 2 6 6 83 9 [40] SAPO-34 ZrCeZnOx 673 1 3900 2 13 45 82 3 [35] SAPO-34 MnGaOx 673 2.5 4875 2 14 45 88 2 [41] SAPO-34 ZnO 673 4 1600 2.5 32 42 77 5 [37] SAPO-34 Zr-In2O3 673 2.5 3600 1 28 40 74 2 [42] SSZ-13 Zn-ZrO2 673 3 3000 2 29 42 77 3 [34] BAl-CHA ZnAlOx 623 1 2400 2 10 43 83 − [43] AEI
(3D, 8 MR)SAPO-18 ZnCrOx 673 4 5000 2.5 36 41 82 − [44] AlPO-18 ZnCrOx 663 4 3600 1 25 48 87 9 [45] AEL
(1D 10 MR)SAPO-11 Zn2Mn1Ox 633 4 1000 1 20 − − 77a [46] TON
(1D 10 MR)ZSM-22 Zn2Mn1Ox 633 4 1000 1 19 − − 64a [46] MTW
(1D 12 MR)ZSM-12 Zn2Mn1Ox 633 4 1000 1 21 − 70a [46] MFI
(3D 10 MR)ZSM-5 Zn2Mn1Ox 633 4 1000 1 23 − − 67a [46] ZSM-5 CeZrO2 653 2 600 1 8 32.9 83b [47] ZSM-5 Mo-ZrO2 673 4 3000 2 22 − − 76b [48] ZSM-5 MnO 623 2 333 2 21 − 83b [49] ZSM-5 ZnCrOx 623 4 1500 1 16 74b [50] ZSM-5 ZnCrOx 623 4 1500 1 18 49 69b [51] ZSM-5 1Zn-3Cr 668 2 4000 1 11 − − 72b [52] MEL
(3D 10 MR)ZSM-11 Zn2Mn1Ox 633 4 1000 1 23 64a [46] MOR
(3D, 8 MR &12 MR)MOR ZnCrOx 633 2 1600 1 26 48 91 5 [53] MOR ZnAl2O4 643 3 1500 1 10 44 77 6 [54] a: Selectivity of C5–11 b: Aromatics -
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