摘要: Deposition or slagging problem caused by the alkali metal species is one of the major obstacles to utilize biomass fuel in combustion and gasification plant. The paper mainly studies the effect of water leaching on alkali-induced slagging properties of corn straw and rice straw. The original mineral form of alkali elements in biomass straw was studied with comparison of low temperature ash of biomass before and after water leaching. The release and transformation of alkali compounds in biomass straw at different temperatures during heating were analyzed with combination of the XRD result of the heated biomass and the chemical composition of the digested samples. The result shows that the potassium in corn and rice straw mainly exists in the form of KNO3, KClO4, K2SO4 and KAlSi3O8, in which KNO3, K2SO4 and KClO4 is mostly removed in water leaching. The fusion temperatures increased after water leaching, especially for rice straw ash, which is a typical sample that the basic compounds are mainly potassium-containing compounds. The decrease of potassium content with temperature in the original corn and rice was because the potassium-containing minerals decomposed and escaped at 25−1000 °C. The release of potassium in the range of 400−800 °C significantly reduced for corn and rice straw after water leaching, but the potassium content will still decrease above 800 °C. The decrease of magnesium content in corn with increasing temperature may be due to the volatilization of magnesium oxide under the action of carbon reduction. For fuels with high alkali metal content after water leaching, the residual alkali metal will still escape and cause deposition or slagging in the furnace, especially in the temperature range above 800 °C.
摘要: Catalytic cracking of triglycerides and their derivatives (e.g., fatty acid methyl esters, FAMEs) by HZSM-5 zeolite offers a promising route to produce renewable aromatics and olefins, but it is primarily hindered by the rapid catalyst deactivation caused by coke. In this work, the co-cracking of FAMEs and methanol over HZSM-5/Al2O3 composites was developed to regulate the product distribution and slower the catalyst deactivation. Co-feeding methanol with FAMEs enhanced the olefin selectivity at the expense of aromatics, and the total selectivities of aromatics and olefins added up to 70.9% with an optimized methanol content of 60%. The co-feeding of methanol not only promoted the olefin yield but also retarded the consecutive H-elimination of aromatics to polycyclic aromatics, thus reducing the coke formation and prolonging the catalyst lifespan. Under the conditions of 450 °C, 0.16 MPa and a space velocity of FAMEs at 4 h−1, increasing the methanol blending ratio in FAMEs from zero to 50% reduced coke from 17.8% to 10.1% after reaction for 12 h. Besides, the spent catalyst for the co-cracking reaction could be easily regenerated by coke combustion, yielding similar structure, acidity and activity to those of the fresh one.
摘要: Catalytic lignin depolymerization (CCLD) for liquid fuels and phenolic monomers was investigated over various supports including clays (e.g., sepiolite (SEP), attapulgite (ATP), and montmorillonite (MTM)), and oxides (e.g., Al2O3 and SiO2) as well as their supported Mo-based catalysts under supercritical ethanol. The characterization results demonstrated that different supports with diverse structural properties could affect the textural structures, surface Mo5+ content, and acid sites distribution. Clay-based supports had more strong acid sites as compared with Al2O3 and SiO2, which went against the production of lignin oil (LO) and led to form more solid products during CLD experiments. Meanwhile, the obtained petroleum ether-soluble product (PEsp) in LO catalyzed by sole supports was mainly alkyl/alkoxy substituted phenols. Additionally, Mo species (especially Mo5+) significantly increased the yields of LO and PEsp. Mo/SiO2 had the highest surface Mo5+ species, showing the highest LO yield of 85.2%, in which the produced alkyl/alkoxy substituted phenols reached 450.3 mg/glignin. Among the clay-supported Mo catalysts, Mo/SEP presented superior LO (82.3%) and PEsp (70.8%) yields and the generated substituted phenols reached 398.8 mg/glignin. This paper systematically reported the application of green and environmentally friendly clay-based materials in lignin conversion, which provides some key information for the development of clay catalysts for biomass conversion.