铁酸钙与生物质焦的化学链气化反应动力学研究

高攀; 黄星琪; 刘禹彤; 艾科热木·阿卜来提; 杨少霞

doi:10.1016/S1872-5813(23)60356-1

铁酸钙与生物质焦的化学链气化反应动力学研究

doi: 10.1016/S1872-5813(23)60356-1

1.
华北电力大学新能源学院, 北京 102206
2.
华北电力大学水利与水电工程学院, 北京 102206

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(51206045)和中央高校基金(2018MS033)资助

详细信息

通讯作者:
E-mail: gaopan@ncepu.edu.cn

中图分类号: TK6
计量
- 文章访问数: 356
- HTML全文浏览量: 183
- PDF下载量: 45
- 被引次数: 0
出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-01-15
- 修回日期: 2023-03-05
- 录用日期: 2023-03-08
- 网络出版日期: 2023-04-06
- 刊出日期: 2023-09-30

Kinetic analysis of biochar chemical looping gasification with calcium ferrite as oxygen carriers

1.
School of New Energy, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China
2.
School of water conservancy and Hydropower Engineering, North China Electric Power University, Beijing 102206, China

Funds: The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (51206045) and the Fundamental Research Funds for Central Universities (2018MS033)

摘要

摘要: 为探究铁酸钙载氧体与生物质焦的化学链气化反应动力学，基于热重实验研究了载氧体和生物质焦种类对反应性的影响，结合XRD、SEM、BET等表征手段对实验现象进行分析，并采用 Škvára-Šesták 方法确定了动力学机制函数。结果表明，载氧体反应速率Ca₂Fe₂O₅＞CaFe₂O₄＞Fe₂O₃，载氧量CaFe₂O₄＞Ca₂Fe₂O₅＞Fe₂O₃，生物质焦能够将载氧体完全还原为Fe和CaO；CaFe₂O₄与生物质焦反应的活化能为167.44–600.83 kJ/mol，Ca₂Fe₂O₅与生物质焦反应的活化能为413.62–583.51 kJ/mol；其中，CaFe₂O₄在还原的过程中生成了中间体CaFe₃O₅，对晶格氧的扩散有一定的影响；CaFe₂O₄的还原可分为两阶段，当转化率α小于0.15时，CaFe₂O₄还原为Ca₂Fe₂O₅，还原过程遵循随机成核和核生长模型，当α大于0.15时，进一步还原为CaO和Fe，还原过程遵循三维扩散机制；Ca₂Fe₂O₅的还原机制与CaFe₂O₄还原的第二阶段相同。
- 化学链气化 /
- 铁酸钙 /
- 生物质焦 /
- 动力学
Abstract: The chemical looping gasification (CLG) kinetics of biochars with calcium ferrite as oxygen carriers and the effects of different kinds of calcium ferrite and biochars were investigated by TGA. The properties of biochars and calcium ferrite were analyzed by XRD, SEM, BET, etc. The Škvára-Šesták method was used to determine the kinetic mechanism function. The results show that the reduction reaction rate and the oxygen carrying capacity of oxygen carriers follow the sequence: Ca₂Fe₂O₅ > CaFe₂O₄ > Fe₂O₃, and CaFe₂O₄ > Ca₂Fe₂O₅ > Fe₂O₃, respectively. The oxygen carriers can be completely reduced to Fe and CaO by biochar. The activation energy of CaFe₂O₄ reduction is in the range of 167.44–600.83 kJ/mol; and the activation energy of Ca₂Fe₂O₅ reduction is in the range of 413.62–583.51 kJ/mol. The CaFe₃O₅ generated during the reduction of CaFe₂O₄ may have a negative influence on the lattice oxygen diffusion. The reduction of CaFe₂O₄ can be divided into two stages: when the conversion degree α is less than 0.15, the CaFe₂O₄ is reduced to Ca₂Fe₂O₅ following the random nucleation and nuclei growth model; when α is greater than 0.15, Ca₂Fe₂O₅is further reduced to CaO and Fe following the 3-D diffusion mechanism. The mechanism function of the reduction of Ca₂Fe₂O₅ is the same as that of the second stage of CaFe₂O₄ reduction.
- chemical looping gasification /
- calcium ferrite /
- biochar /
- kinetics

HTML全文

FIG. 2669. FIG. 2669.

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 1 载氧体的XRD谱图

Figure 1 XRD patterns of oxygen carriers: (a) CaFe₂O₄, (b) Ca₂Fe₂O₅, (c) CaFe₂O₄ at α= 0.15

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 2 新鲜载氧体的SEM和EDS照片

Figure 2 SEM images and EDS spectra of fresh oxygen carriers: (a) CaFe₂O₄, (b) Ca₂Fe₂O₅

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 3 生物质焦的孔体积和比表面积

Figure 3 Pore volume and surface area for the biochars: (a) BJH pore volume distribution, (b) BJH surface area, (c) DFT pore volume distribution, (d) DFT surface area

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 4 生物质焦的SEM照片

Figure 4 SEM images of biochars(a): PSc; (b): CSc

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 5 样品的拉曼光谱谱图

Figure 5 Raman spectrum fitting curves (a) PSc, (b) CSc, (c) comparison between G-band and other sub-bands

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 6 不同载氧体非等温气化PSc的 TG 和 DTG 曲线

Figure 6 TG and DTG curves of non-isothermal gasification of PSc with oxygen carriers

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 7 CaFe₂O₄非等温气化PSc和CSc的 TG 和 DTG 曲线

Figure 7 TG and DTG curves of non-isothermal gasification of PSc and CSc with CaFe₂O₄

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 8 不同升温速率下CaFe₂O₄非等温气化PSc实验 TG 和 DTG 曲线

Figure 8 TG and DTG curves of non-isothermal gasification of PSc with CaFe₂O₄ at different heating rates

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 9 铁酸钙气化生物质焦动力学分析拟合

Figure 9 Kinetic analysis of non-isothermal gasification of biochar with calcium ferrate (a), (b): CaFe₂O₄-PSc; (c), (d): Ca₂Fe₂O₅-PSc; (e), (f): CaFe₂O₄-CSc; (g), (h): Ca₂Fe₂O₅-CSc

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 10 CaFe₂O₄还原为CaFe₂O₅动力学分析拟合

Figure 10 Kinetic fitting results of the reduction of CaFe₂O₄ to CaFe₂O₅ by biochar(a), (b): reduced by PSc, (c), (d): reduced by CSc

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 11 PSc与Ca₂Fe₂O₅的非等温气化

Figure 11 Non-isothermal gasification of PSc with Ca₂Fe₂O₅ (a): fitting curves, (b): correlation coefficient and activation energy

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 12 CaFe₂O₄非等温气化PSc相关动力学分析拟合

Figure 12 Modelling conversion curves of non-isothermal gasification of PSc with CaFe₂O₄ (a) single model of the whole fitting, (b) two model of the piecewise fitting

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

图 13 不同样品的实验结果和模型拟合比较

Figure 13 Comparison of model fitting and experimental results for various samples(a): CaFe₂O₄-PSc; (b): Ca₂Fe₂O₅-PSc; (c): CaFe₂O₄-CSc; (d): Ca₂Fe₂O₅-CSc

下载: 全尺寸图片幻灯片

表 1 样品的工业分析和元素分析

Table 1 Proximate and ultimate analyses of samples of biomass and biochar

Sample	Proximate analysis w_dry/%			Ultimate analysis w_dry/%				Q_HHV/(MJ·kg⁻¹)
Sample	A	FC	V	C	H	N	O*	Q_HHV/(MJ·kg⁻¹)
PS	1.00	13.44	85.56	47.49	6.03	0.25	45.23	18.83
CS	8.89	20.26	70.85	37.32	5.15	2.24	46.40	15.54
PSc	3.50	88.88	7.62	83.93	1.23	0.34	11.00	28.72
CSc	27.09	63.61	9.30	57.55	0.96	1.59	12.81	19.90
*: calculated by difference

下载: 导出CSV

表 2 机制函数的微分和积分表达式

Table 2 Differential and integral expressions of reaction mechanism functions

Model	Symbol	Mechanism	G(α)	f(α)
1	D1	1-D diffusion	α²	1/2α⁻¹
2	D2	2-D diffusion	α + (1−α)ln(1−α)	[−ln(1−α)]⁻¹
3		2-D diffusion(Jander)(n = 1/2)	[1−(1−α)^1/2]^1/2	4(1−α)^1/2[1−(1−α)^1/2]^1/2
4		2-D diffusion(Jander)(n = 2)	[1−(1−α)^1/2]²	(1−α)^1/2[1−(1−α)^1/2]⁻¹
5		3-D diffusion(Jander)(n = 1/2)	[1−(1−α)^1/3]^1/2	6(1−α)^2/3[1−(1−α)^1/3]^1/2
6	D3	3-D diffusion(Jander)(n = 2)	[1−(1−α)^1/3]²	3/2(1−α)^2/3[1−(1−α)^1/3]⁻¹
7	D4	3-D diffusion(G-B)	1–2/3α-(1−α)^2/3	3/2[(1−α)^−1/3−1]⁻¹
8		3-D diffusion(anti-Jander)	[(1 + α)^1/3−1]²	3/2(1 + α)^2/3[(1 + α)^1/3−1]⁻¹
9	D5	3-D diffusion(Z-L-T)	[(1−α)^−1/3−1]²	3/2(1−α)^4/3[(1−α)^−1/3−1]⁻¹
10	A4	Random nucleation and nuclei growth(n = 1/4)	[−ln(1−α)]^1/4	4(1−α) [−ln(1−α)]^3/4
11	A3	Random nucleation and nuclei growth(n = 1/3)	[−ln(1−α)]^1/3	3(1−α) [−ln(1−α)]^2/3
12	A2	Random nucleation and nuclei growth(n = 1/2)	[−ln(1−α)]^1/2	2(1−α) [−ln(1−α)]^1/2
13	A1.5	Random nucleation and nuclei growth(n = 2/3)	[−ln(1−α)]^2/3	3/2(1−α)[−ln(1−α)]^1/3
14		Random nucleation and nuclei growth(Mample)	−ln(1−α)	1−α
15		Random nucleation and nuclei growth(n = 2)	[−ln(1−α)]²	−1/2(1−α)[−ln(1−α)]⁻¹
16		Random nucleation and nuclei growth(n = 3)	[−ln(1−α)]³	−1/3(1−α)[−ln(1−α)]⁻²
17		Random nucleation and nuclei growth(n = 4)	[−ln(1−α)]⁴	−1/4(1−α)[−ln(1−α)]⁻³
18		Mampel Power(n = 1/4)	α^1/4	4α^3/4
19		Mampel Power(n = 1/2)	α^1/2	2α^1/2
20		Mampel Power(n = 1/3)	α^1/3	3α^2/3
21	R1	1-D phase boundary reaction(n = 1)	α	1
22		Mampel Power(n = 3/2)	α^3/2	2/3α^−1/2
23		(n = 1/4)	1−(1−α)^1/4	4(1−α)^3/4
24	R3	3-D phase boundary reaction(n = 1/3)	1−(1−α)^1/3	3(1−α)^2/3
25	R2	2-D phase boundary reaction(n = 1/2)	1−(1−α)^1/2	2(1−α)^1/2
26		(n = 2)	1−(1−α)²	1/2(1−α)⁻¹
27		(n = 3)	1−(1−α)³	1/3(1−α)⁻²
28		(n = 4)	1−(1−α)⁴	1/4(1−α)⁻⁴
29		Reaction order(n = 2)	(1−α)⁻¹	(1−α)²
30	C1	Reaction order	(1−α)⁻¹-1	(1−α)²
31	C2	Reaction order(n = 3/2)	(1−α)^−1/2	2(1−α)^3/2
32	C3	Reaction order(n = 3)	(1−α)⁻²	1/2(1−α)³

下载: 导出CSV

表 3 采用等转化率法计算载氧体还原的活化能和指前因子

Table 3 Average fitting parameters, activation energies and pre-exponential factors of oxygen carrier reductions by the equal conversion method

Method		CaFe₂O₄-PSc		Ca₂Fe₂O₅-PSc	CaFe₂O₄-CSc		Ca₂Fe₂O₅-CSc
α range		0.06−0.15	0.2−0.9	0.2−0.9	0.07−0.15	0.2−0.9	0.15−0.8
FWO	E₀/(kJ·mol⁻¹)	346.74	591.17	574.83	175.64	496.04	413.62
	R²	0.9505	0.9693	0.9855	0.9729	0.9872	0.9855
KAS	E₀/(kJ·mol⁻¹)	346.52	600.83	583.51	167.44	501.75	414.95
	R²	0.9461	0.9672	0.9966	0.9672	0.9861	0.9841
	lgA/(min⁻¹)	16.071	24.677	23.728	7.596	21.468	17.507

下载: 导出CSV

表 4 采用Škvára-Šesták方法计算载氧体还原活化能和指前因子

Table 4 Average activation energy and pre-exponential factor of oxygen carrier reductions calculated by the Škvára-Šesták method

Factor	CaFe₂O₄-PSc		Ca₂Fe₂O₅-PSc	CaFe₂O₄-CSc		Ca₂Fe₂O₅-CSc
α range	0.06−0.12	0.16−0.96	0.2−0.9	0.07−0.12	0.16-0.96	0.15−0.8
E /(kJ·mol⁻¹)	333.37	564.44	582.68	178.66	472.25	453.41
R²	0.9439	0.9867	0.9866	0.9544	0.9959	0.9940
Model	16	7(D4)	7(D4)	15	8	8
\|(E₀−E)/E₀\|	0.0385	0.0452	0.0136	0.0172	0.0479	0.0962
lgA(min⁻¹)	15.089	21.618	22.416	8.171	18.399	17.883

下载: 导出CSV

参考文献(35)

[1]	SUN Z, LIU H P, BAI H C, YU S F, RUSSELL C K, ZENG L, SUN Z Q. The crucial role of deoxygenation in syngas refinement and carbon dioxide utilization during chemical looping-based biomass gasification[J]. Chem Eng J,2022,428:132068. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2021.132068
[2]	HUANG Z, HE F, FENG Y P, ZHAO K, ZHENG A Q, CHANG S, LI H B. Synthesis gas production through biomass direct chemical looping conversion with natural hematite as an oxygen carrier[J]. Bioresour Technol,2013,140:138−145. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2013.04.055
[3]	GUO Q, CHENG Y, LIU Y Z, JIA W H, RYU H J. Coal chemical looping gasification for syngas generation using an iron-based oxygen carrier[J]. Ind Eng Chem Res,2014,53(1):78−86. doi: 10.1021/ie401568x
[4]	KELLER M, FUNG J, LEION H, MATTISSON T. Cu-impregnated alumina/silica bed materials for chemical looping reforming of biomass gasification gas[J]. Fuel,2016,180:448−456. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2016.04.024
[5]	戴金鑫, 刘晶, 刘丰. 化学链燃烧中H₂S对NiFe₂O₄氧载体活性的影响机理[J]. 化工学报,2017,68(3):1163−1169. DAI Jin-xin, LIU Jing, LIU Feng. Influence mechanism of H₂S on reactivity of NiFe₂O₄ oxygen carriers for chemical looping combustion[J]. CIESC J,2017,68(3):1163−1169.
[6]	WANG B W, LI J, DING N, MEI D F, ZHAO H B, ZHENG C G. Chemical looping combustion of a typical lignite with a CaSO₄-CuO mixed oxygen carrier[J]. Energy Fuels,2017,31(12):13942−13954. doi: 10.1021/acs.energyfuels.7b02584
[7]	LI Y, LI Z S, LIU L, CAI N S. Measuring the fast oxidation kinetics of a manganese oxygen carrier using microfluidized bed thermogravimetric analysis[J]. Chem Eng J,2020,385:123970. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2019.123970
[8]	LI F, KIM H R, SRIDHAR D, WANG F, ZENG L, CHEN J, FAN L S. Syngas chemical looping gasification process: Oxygen carrier particle selection and performance[J]. Energy Fuels,2009,23(8):4182−4189. doi: 10.1021/ef900236x
[9]	LUO M, YI Y, WANG S, WANG Z L, DU M, PAN J F, WANG Q. Review of hydrogen production using chemical-looping technology[J]. Renewable Sustainable Energy Rev,2018,81:3186−3214. doi: 10.1016/j.rser.2017.07.007
[10]	DHARANIPRAGADA N, BUELENS L C, POELMAN H, GRAVEB E D, GALVITAA V V, MARIN G B. Mg-Fe-Al-O for advanced CO₂ to CO conversion: Carbon monoxide yield vs. oxygen storage capacity[J]. J Mater Chem A,2015,3:16251−16262. doi: 10.1039/C5TA02289D
[11]	WANG B W, YAN R, ZHAO H B, ZHENG Y, LIU Z H, ZHENG C G. Investigation of chemical looping combustion of coal with CuFe₂O₄ oxygen carrier[J]. Energy Fuels,2011,25(7):3344−3354. doi: 10.1021/ef2004078
[12]	EVDOU A, ZASPALIS V, NALBANDIAN L. Ferrites as redox catalysts for chemical looping processes[J]. Fuel,2016,165:367−378. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2015.10.049
[13]	HIRABAYASHI D, SAKAI Y, YOSHIKAWA T, MOCHIZUKI K, KOJIMA Y, SUZUKI K, OHSHITA K, WATANABE Y. Mössbauer characterization of calcium-ferrite oxides prepared by calcining Fe₂O₃ and CaO[J]. Hyperfine Interact,2006,167:809−813. doi: 10.1007/s10751-006-9362-x
[14]	ISMAIL M, LIU W, SCOTT S A. The performance of Fe₂O₃-CaO oxygen carriers and the interaction of iron oxides with CaO during chemical looping combustion and H₂ production[J]. Energy Procedia,2014,63:87−97. doi: 10.1016/j.egypro.2014.11.010
[15]	SIRIWARDANE R, RILEY J, TIAN H, RICHARDS G. Chemical looping coal gasification with calcium ferrite and barium ferrite via solid-solid reactions[J]. Appl Energy,2016,165:952−966. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2015.12.085
[16]	ZHANG J Z, HE T, WANG Z Q, ZHU M, ZHANG K, LI B, WU J H. The search of proper oxygen carriers for chemical looping partial oxidation of carbon[J]. Appl Energy,2017,190:1119−1125. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.01.024
[17]	SUN Z, WU X D, RUSSELL C K, DYAR M D, SKLUTE E C, TOAN S, FAN M H, DUAN L B, XIANG W G. Synergistic enhancement of chemical looping-based CO₂ splitting with biomass cascade utilization using cyclic stabilized Ca₂Fe₂O₅ aerogel[J]. J Mater Chem A,2019,7(3):1216−1226. doi: 10.1039/C8TA10277E
[18]	WEI G Q, FENG J, HOU Y L, LI F Z, LI W Y, HUANG Z, ZHENG A Q, LI H B. Ca-enhanced hematite oxygen carriers for chemical looping reforming of biomass pyrolyzed gas coupled with CO₂ splitting[J]. Fuel,2021,285(6):119−125.
[19]	WANG L, LIN Y, HUANG Z, ZENG K, HUANG H Y. Conversion of carbon dioxide to carbon monoxide: Two-step chemical looping dry reforming using Ca₂Fe₂O₅-Zr_0.5Ce_0.5O₂ composite oxygen carriers[J]. Fuel,2022,322:124182. doi: 10.1016/j.fuel.2022.124182
[20]	ABAD A, ADÁNEZ J, LABIANO F G, DIEGO L F, GAYÁN P, CELAYA J. Mapping of the range of operational conditions for Cu-, Fe-, and Ni-based oxygen carriers in chemical-looping combustion[J]. Chem Eng Sci,2007,62:533−549. doi: 10.1016/j.ces.2006.09.019
[21]	RILEY J, SIRIWARDANE R, TIAN H, BENINCOSA W, POSTON J. Kinetic analysis of the interactions between calcium ferrite and coal char for chemical looping gasification applications: Identifying reduction routes and modes of oxygen transfer[J]. Appl Energy,2017,201:94−110. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.05.101
[22]	LI G, LV X W, DING C Y, ZHOU X G, ZHONG D P, QIU G B. Non-isothermal carbothermic reduction kinetics of calcium ferrite and hematite as oxygen carriers for chemical looping gasiﬁcation applications[J]. Appl Energy,2020,262:114604. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2020.114604
[23]	CHEN L Y, BAO J H, KONG L, COMBS M, NIKOLIC H S, FAN Z, LIU K L. The direct solid-solid reaction between coal char and iron-based oxygen carrier and its contribution to solid-fueled chemical looping combustion[J]. Appl Energy,2016,184:9−18. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2016.09.085
[24]	ZHANG Y, SONG K Y. Thermal and chemical characteristics of torrefied biomass derived from a generated volatile atmosphere[J]. Energy,2018,165:235−245.
[25]	XU J J, ZUO H B, WANG G W, ZHANG J L, GUO K, LIANG W. Gasification mechanism and kinetics analysis of coke using distributed activation energy model (DAEM)[J]. Appl Therm Eng,2019,152:605−614. doi: 10.1016/j.applthermaleng.2019.02.104
[26]	ŠKVÁRA F, ŠESTÁK J J. Computer calculation of the mechanism and associated kinetic data using a non-isothermal integral method[J]. J Therm Anal,1975,8(3):477−489. doi: 10.1007/BF01910127
[27]	杨正红, THOMMES Mattias. 气体吸附法进行孔径分析进展—密度函数理论(DFT)及蒙特卡洛法(MC)的应用[J]. 中国粉体技术,2005,11:62−66. YANG Zheng-hong, THOMMES Mattias. Progress in pore size analysis by adsorption method-application of Density function Theory (DFT) and Monte Carlo method (MC)[J]. China Powder Sci Technol,2005,11:62−66.
[28]	LI L W, HUANG Y Q, ZHANG D Y, ZHENG A Q, ZHAO Z L, XIA M Z, LI H B. Uncovering structure-reactivity relationships in pyrolysis and gasification of biomass with varying severity of torrefaction[J]. ACS Sustainable Chem Eng,2018,6(5):6008−6017. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.7b04649
[29]	MATTHEWS M, PIMENTA M, DRESSELHAUS G, DRESSELHAUS M S, ENDO M. Origin of dispersive effects of the Raman D band in carbon materials[J]. Phys Rev B,1999,59:R6585−R6588. doi: 10.1103/PhysRevB.59.R6585
[30]	SUN Z, CHEN S Y, HU J, CHEN A, RONY A H, RUSSELL C K, XIANG W G, FAN M H, DYAR M. D, DKLUTE E C. Ca₂Fe₂O₅: A promising oxygen carrier for CO/CH₄ conversion and almost-pure H₂ production with inherent CO₂ capture over a two-step chemical looping hydrogen generation process[J]. Appl Energy,2018,211:431−442. doi: 10.1016/j.apenergy.2017.11.005
[31]	姚娜. 生物质快速热解特性试验研究[D]. 哈尔滨: 哈尔滨工业大学, 2008. YAO Na. Experimental study on the behavior of biomass fast pyrolysis[D]. Harbin: Harbin Institute of Technology, 2008.
[32]	杜胜磊. 生物质热化学利用过程中无机矿物质转化规律及灰熔融特性研究[D]. 武汉: 华中科技大学, 2014. DU Sheng-lei. Fundamental study on transformation behavior of inorganic components during thermochemical conversion of biomass and ash fusion characteristics[D]. Wuhan: Huazhong University of Science and Technology, 2014.
[33]	JABER J O, PROBERT S D. Pyrolysis and gasification kinetics of Jordanian oil-shales[J]. Appl Energy,1999,63(4):269−286. doi: 10.1016/S0306-2619(99)00033-1
[34]	LAKRA R, KIRAN M S, USHA R, MOHAN R, SUNDARESAN R, KORRAPATI P S. Enhanced stabilization of collagen by furfural[J]. Int J Biol Macromol,2014,65:252−257. doi: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.01.040
[35]	LIU L, LI Z S, WANG Y, LI Z A, LARRING Y, CAI N S. Industry-scale production of a perovskite oxide as oxygen carrier material in chemical looping[J]. Chem Eng J,2021,431:134006.