含脱水剂的碳酸二甲酯直接合成法催化体系综述

程庆彦; 张帅; 谷云含; 王茁; 王锦涛; 李莉; 王延吉; 王寰; 乔金栋

doi:10.1016/S1872-5813(23)60376-7

含脱水剂的碳酸二甲酯直接合成法催化体系综述

doi: 10.1016/S1872-5813(23)60376-7

程庆彦^1, ,,
张帅^1,,
谷云含^1,,
王茁^1,,
王锦涛^1,,
李莉^1,,
王延吉^1,,
王寰²,
乔金栋³

1.
河北工业大学河北省绿色化工与高效节能重点实验室天津市本质安全化工技术重点实验室, 天津 300401
2.
海驰创研(天津)科技有限公司, 天津 300392
3.
天津杰斯曼建筑材料有限公司, 天津 300382

基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(U20A20152)资助

详细信息

通讯作者:
Tel: 13821909658，E-mail: chengqingyan@hebut.edu.cn

中图分类号: X701; TQ426; TQ225.52
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出版历程
- 收稿日期: 2023-04-13
- 修回日期: 2023-05-29
- 录用日期: 2023-05-30
- 网络出版日期: 2023-07-26
- 刊出日期: 2023-11-13

Catalytic systems for the direct synthesis of dimethyl carbonate from carbon dioxide and methanol containing dehydrating agent, a review

1.
Key Laboratory of Green Chemical Technology & High Efficient Energy Saving of Hebei Province, Tianjin Key Laboratory of Chemical Process Safety, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin 300401, China
2.
HATCH R & D (Tianjin) Technology Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300392, China
3.
Tianjin Jiesiman Building Materials Co., Ltd, Tianjin 300382, China

Funds: The project was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U20A20152).

摘要

摘要: 碳酸二甲酯（DMC）是一种用途广泛的环境友好型绿色化学品，利用CO₂和CH₃OH直接合成DMC是近年来CO₂清洁转化的一个研究重点。设计高效稳定的催化剂和反应工艺促进CO₂的转化，是DMC直接合成法能否工业化的技术关键。本工作综述了CO₂和CH₃OH直接合成DMC催化体系的研究进展，介绍了不同类型催化剂的反应机理，主要包括离子液体催化剂、碱金属碳酸盐催化剂、过渡金属氧化物催化剂等，阐述了各种脱水剂的脱水原理和对反应的促进作用，对不同催化-脱水体系的优势及缺点进行分析。据此预测，开发高效稳定的催化剂和对水选择渗透性强的膜材料，构建和实施新型的脱水工艺，将是今后DMC直接合成的研究重点。
- 二氧化碳 /
- 甲醇 /
- 碳酸二甲酯 /
- 催化剂 /
- 脱水剂
Abstract: Dimethyl carbonate (DMC) is a widely used environment-friendly green chemical, and the direct synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH has become one of the research focuses on the clean conversion of CO₂ in recent years. The design of efficient and stable catalysts and reaction processes to promote the conversion of CO₂ is the key to realize the direct synthesis of DMC in industry. In this paper, the research progress of catalytic systems for the direct synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH is reviewed and the reaction mechanism of different types of catalysts is summarized, mainly including the ionic liquid catalyst, alkali metal carbonate catalyst, transition metal oxide catalyst, etc. The operation principle of various dehydrating agents and their promoting effect on the production of DMC are expounded, while the advantages and disadvantages of different catalytic-dehydration systems are analyzed. It is predicted that the development of efficient and stable catalysts and membrane materials with strong permeability to water as well as the construction and implementation of new dehydration processes will be the focus of future research on the direct synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH.
- carbon dioxide /
- methanol /
- dimethyl carbonate /
- catalysts /
- dehydrating agents

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FIG. 2761. FIG. 2761.

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图 1 [C_nC_mI_m][HCO₃]上CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC的催化和脱水机理^[22]

Figure 1 Catalytic and dehydration mechanism of synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH on the [C_nC_mI_m][HCO₃] catalyst^[22] (with permission from John Wiley and Sons)

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图 2 CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC的能量分布（单位：kcal/mol），Int1-4和TS1-4为优化后的中间产物模型（键长单位Å）^[22]

Figure 2 Energy distribution for synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH (unit: kcal/mol), Int1-4 and TS1-4 are optimized intermediate models (bond length unit Å)^[22] (with permission from John Wiley and Sons)

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图 3 CH₃I参与下CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC反应机理^[28]

Figure 3 Reaction mechanism of synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH with the participation of CH₃I^[28](with permission from ACS Publication)

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图 4 ZrO₂上CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC反应机理^[32]

Figure 4 Reaction mechanism of synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH on ZrO₂ ^[32](with permission from Elsevier)

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图 5 Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂和MO/Ce_1.6Zr_0.4O₂上CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC催化性能^[36]

Figure 5 Catalytic performance of Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂and MO/Ce_1.6Zr_0.4O₂ for the synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH^[36](with permission from Springer Nature)

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图 6 MO/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂上酸碱位点和催化剂活性之间的协同机制^[36]

Figure 6 Synergy between the acid and basic sites for the catalytic activity of MO/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂ for the synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH^[36] (with permission from Springer Nature)

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图 7 (a) 催化活性与催化剂中等强度酸性位点数量关系，(b) 催化活性与催化剂中等强度碱性位点数量关系^[39]

Figure 7 Relationship between the catalytic activity and the number of acidic sites in the catalyst (a) as well as the relationship between the catalytic activity and the number of basic sites in the catalyst (b) in the synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH^[39] (with permission from Elsevier)

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图 8 整体式催化剂结构及其在固定床反应器中的应用^[48]

Figure 8 Monolithic catalyst structure and its application in the synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH in a fixed-bed reactor^[48](with permission from Royal Society of Chemistry)

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图 9 Cu-Ni/MWCNT上连续合成DMC装置示意图^[50]

Figure 9 Schematic diagram of a device for the continuous synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and methanol on the Cu-Ni/MWCNT catalyst^[50] (with permission from Elsevier)

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图 10 Cu-Ni/MWCNT催化剂稳定性研究^[50]

Figure 10 Stability test of the Cu-Ni/MWCNT catalysts for the synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH^[50] (with permission from Elsevier)

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图 11 Cu-Ni/GO上CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC反应机理^[54]

Figure 11 Reaction mechanism of synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH on Cu-Ni/GO^[54] (with permission from Elsevier)

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图 12 不同配体和钛基沸石咪唑酸盐框架的合成^[58]

Figure 12 Synthesis of different ligands and Ti-based zeolitic imidazolate frameworks^[58]

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图 13 MOF-808-4上CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC反应机理^[61]

Figure 13 Reaction mechanism of synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH on MOF-808-4^[61] (with permission from Elsevier)

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图 14 Cu-SOPm上CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC反应机理^[64]

Figure 14 Reaction mechanism of synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH on Cu-SOPm^[64] (with permission from Royal Soc of Chem)

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图 15 H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/ZrO₂上CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC反应机理，M = W或Zr^[68]

Figure 15 Reaction mechanism of synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH on the H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/ZrO₂ catalysts (M = W or Zr)^[68] (with permission from Elsevier)

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图 16 H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_0.1Ti_0.9O₂上CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC反应机理^[70]

Figure 16 Reaction mechanism of synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH on H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_0.1Ti_0.9O₂^[70] (with permission from Elsevier)

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图 17 DMC连续合成工艺流程示意图^[71]

Figure 17 Schematic diagram of continuous DMC synthesis process^[71] (with permission from ACS Publications)

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图 18 CeO₂-2–CP催化CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC反应体系研究^[73]

Figure 18 Reaction system of synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH catalyzed by CeO₂-2–CP^[73](with permission from Elsevier)

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图 19 CeO₂-2-CP催化体系中CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC反应机理^[72]

Figure 19 Reaction mechanism of synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH in the CeO₂-2–CP catalytic system^[72] (with permission from Elsevier)

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图 20 2-CP对CeO₂催化剂表面活性位点的影响^[77]

Figure 20 Effect of 2-CP on the surface active sites of the CeO₂ catalyst^[77] (with permission from ACS Publications)

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图 21 TMM促进CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC反应机理^[78]

Figure 21 Reaction mechanism of synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH promoted by TMM^[78](with permission from ACS Publications)

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图 22 DCC促进CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC反应机理^[79]

Figure 22 Reaction mechanism of synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH promoted by DCC^[79](with permission from ACS Publications)

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图 23 DCC与NiL₂协同催化CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC反应机理^[80]

Figure 23 Reaction mechanism of synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH in the DCC and NiL₂ synergistic catalytic system^[80] (with permission from Springer Nature)

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图 24 CaC₂促进CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC反应机理^[83]

Figure 24 Reaction mechanism of synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH promoted by CaC₂^[83] (with permission from Royal Soc of Chem)

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图 25 MTCL促进CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC反应机理^[85]

Figure 25 Reaction mechanism of synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH promoted by MTCL^[85] (with permission from Elsevier)

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图 26 固定床膜分离反应器构型示意图^[89]

Figure 26 Schematic diagram of fixed bed membrane separation reactor configuration^[89] (with permission from Elsevier)

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图 27 CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC新型原位脱水反应器结构示意图^[91]

Figure 27 Schematic diagram of a novel in-situ dehydration reactor for CO₂ and CH₃OH to synthesize DMC^[91] (with permission from Elsevier)

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图 28 侧反应器强化全脱水反应精馏工艺流程图^[92]

Figure 28 Process flow diagram of side reactor enhanced total dehydration reaction distillation^[92] (with permission from ACS Publication)

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图 29 膜催化剂活性评价装置示意图^[94]

Figure 29 Schematic diagram of the equipment for membrane catalyst activity evaluation^[94]

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表 1 DMC合成方法

Table 1 Summary of DMC synthesis methods

Synthesis method	Advantage	Disadvantage	Current status
Phosgene method	1. The method is easy to operate. 2. The method has a high DMC yield and can generate considerable returns	1. Phosgene is highly toxic and is classified as a Class A deadly compound. 2. Phosgene and by-product HCl are demanding on the equipment	The method has been phased out
Indirect vapor phase methanol oxidative carbonylation	1. The reaction conditions are mild. 2. Product purity is higher than 99% and selectivity is higher than 96%	1. This method uses an expensive Pd catalyst. 2. NO/O₂ mixtures pose an explosion risk. 3. The intermediate product methyl nitrite is highly toxic	The method has been phased out
Direct vapor phase methanol oxidative carbonylation	1. Raw materials are low cost and less toxic. 2. By-products (CO₂ and H₂O) are non-toxic and easy to handle. 3. High product quality	1. The methanol conversion rate is low, and the by-product water is easy to inactivate the catalyst. 2. The cost of this method is higher than that of liquid phase methanol oxidative carbonylation	The method has been industrially applied
Oxidative carbonylation of liquid phase methanol	1. High safety, simple process, no environmental pollution. 2. The product has high purity and selectivity of more than 98%	1. Cl⁻ leakage can easily inactivate the catalyst and corrode the equipment. 2. Water can severely reduce catalyst lifetime. 3. There are serious safety risks in the reaction system	The method has fewer industrial applications
Transesterification method	1. The reaction conditions are mild, the process is simple, and the catalytic efficiency and product purity are high. 2. Ethylene glycol is a co-produced high value-added chemical product	1. This method uses high-cost propylene oxide and ethylene oxide . 2. Ethylene oxide is flammable and explosive, with geographical restrictions	The method has been industrially applied
Urea alcohol hydrolysis	1. Low cost of raw materials. 2. No CH₃OH-H₂O-DMC ternary azeotrope is generated during the reaction	1. The reaction conditions are harsh, the single-pass conversion rate is low, and the reaction selectivity is poor. 2. It is necessary to solve the problems of environmental pollution, production safety, and catalyst inactivation	The method urgently needs to be developed
CO₂-CH₃OH direct synthesis method	1. Raw materials are cheap, safe and accessible. 2. The reaction has high atomic utilization and few by-products	1. The reaction is limited by thermodynamic equilibrium. 2. The yield of this method is extremely low	The method urgently needs to be developed

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表 2 CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC反应中化合物的热力学数据和比热容系数（298.15 K, 1.0 × 10⁵ Pa）

Table 2 Thermodynamic data and specific heat capacity coefficients of various compounds in the synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH at 298.15 K and 1.0×10⁵ Pa

Compound	Thermodynamic data
Compound	$\Delta { {}_{f}{}^{}{H}_{{\rm{m}}}^{\Theta } }^{}$ /(kJ∙mol⁻¹)	$\Delta {S}_{{\rm{m，B}}}^{\Theta }$ /(J∙mol⁻¹∙K⁻¹)	A_C	B_C /( × 10⁻²)	D_C ( × 10⁻⁴)
CO₂	−393.51	213.785	3.0050	0.6600	−0.0405
CH₃OH	−238.4	127.19	19.8589	−13.0668	3.3636
H₂O	−285.83	69.95	3.4700	0.1450	0.1405
DMC	−608.74	235.8	19.0701	−6.3248	1.5830

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表 3 离子液体催化剂上CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC催化性能^[21]

Table 3 Catalytic performance of various ionic liquids (ILs) for the synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH^[21]

Ionic liquid	A /mmol	x /%	s /%
CH	1.63	0.6	95.2
CC	−	−	−
EmimOH	0.31	0.1	87.0
BmimOH	trace	−	−
KOH	−	−	−
EtmimOH	0.62	0.2	77.6
EtmimBr	−	−	−
CH/CaO	1.56	0.5	93.0
CH/CH₃I	8.19	2.7	98.8
notes: A, amount of DMC produced; x, conversion of CH₃OH; s, selectivity of DMC

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表 4 [C_nC_mI_m][HCO₃]催化剂上CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC催化性能^[22]

Table 4 Catalytic performance of [C_nC_mI_m][HCO₃] catalysts for the synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH^[22]

Entry	Catalyst	Base	x /%	s /%
1	[C₁C₄Im][HCO₃]	DBU	48	＞99
2	[C₁C₄Im][HCO₃]	BABCO	24	82
3	[C₁C₄Im][HCO₃]	HTMP	36	＞99
4	[C₁C₄Im][HCO₃]	Na₂CO₃	22	97
5	[C₁C₄Im][HCO₃]	NaHCO₃	24	＞99
6	[C₁C₄Im][HCO₃]	K₂CO₃	61	54
7	[C₁C₄Im][HCO₃]	KHCO₃	24	＞99
8	[C₁C₄Im][HCO₃]	Cs₂CO₃	45	＞99
9^a	[C₁C₄Im][HCO₃]	Cs₂CO₃	26	＞99
10^b	[C₁C₄Im][HCO₃]	Cs₂CO₃	37	＞99
11^c,d	[C₁C₄Im][HCO₃]	Cs₂CO₃	74	97
12^d	[C₁C₄Im][HCO₃]	Cs₂CO₃	54	＞99
13	[C₁C₄Im][HCO₃]	Cs₂CO₃	82	94
14	[C₁C₄Im][HCO₃]	None	14	＞99
15	[C₁C₂Im][HCO₃]	Cs₂CO₃	36	＞99
16	[C₁C₆Im][HCO₃]	Cs₂CO₃	47	＞99
17	[C₁C₄Im][HCO₃]	Cs₂CO₃	16	＞99
Reaction conditions: 5 mmol methanol, 5 mmol [C_nC_mI_m][HCO₃], 5 mmol base, 10 mL CH₂Br₂, 1.0×10⁶ Pa CO₂, 25 °C, reaction time of 24 h. DBU, 1,8-diazadicyclo[5.4.0]undecy-7-ene; BABCO, 1,4-diazadicyclo[2.2.2]octane; HTMP, 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine. (a) 0.25 mmol [C_nC_mI_m][HCO₃]; (b) 2.5 mmol [C_nC_mI_m][HCO₃]; (c) 20 mmol Cs₂CO₃; (d) reaction at 50 ℃

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表 5 碱金属碳酸盐催化剂上CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC催化性能

Table 5 Catalytic performance of alkali metal carbonate catalysts for the synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH

Entry	Catalyst	t /℃	p / × 10⁶ Pa	x /%	s /%	References
1	K₂CO₃	70	8.0	4.1	81.8	[28]
2	KHCO₃	70	8.0	2.0	74.1	[28]
3	Na₂CO₃	70	8.0	0.98	62.6	[28]
4	(NH₄)₂CO₃	70	8.0	trace	−	[28]
5	Li₂CO₃	70	8.0	0.54	57.6	[28]
6	K₂CO₃	120	0.5	5.8	42.7	[29]
7	K₂CO₃	150	2.6	16.2	38.7	[30]
notes: Entry 1–5: DMC was synthesized with the participation of CH₃I and different alkali metal carbonates, reaction conditions: methanol 198 mmol, CH₃I 24 mmol, catalyst 3 mmol, and reaction time of 4 h

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表 6 过渡金属氧化物催化剂上CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC的催化性能

Table 6 Catalytic performance of transition metal oxide catalysts for the synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH

Catalyst	t /℃	p / × 10⁶ Pa	x /%	s /%	Ref.
H₃PO₄/V₂O₅	140	1.0	1.80	92.1	[31]
ZrO₂	170	5.0	0.34	100	[32]
CeO₂	130	1.2	0.25	100	[34]
Ga₂O₃/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂	170	6.0	0.50	100	[36]
Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂	140	7.5	4.93	100	[37]
Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂	120	15.0	0.77	100	[38]
Fe_0.3Zr_0.7O_y	110	5.0	0.66	100	[39]
CeO₂	120	15.0	0.66	100	[40]
CeO₂	140	6.5	0.51	100	[41]
Ti_0.04Ce_0.96O₂	120	0.8	5.38	83.1	[42]
Ti_0.10Ce_0.90O₂/Hcc	140	2.4	24.3	79.0	[46]
Ce_0.90Mg_0.10O₂/Hcc	140	2.4	25.42	79.8	[47]
Zn_0.10Ce_0.90O₂/Hcc	160	2.4	20.5	82.3	[48]
Bi_0.12Ce_0.88O_δ/Hcc	140	2.4	20.8	83.5	[49]
notes: Hcc means honeycomb cordierite

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表 7 MO/ Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂催化剂上DMC生成量、比表面积、酸度、碱度^[36]

Table 7 Amount of DMC generated, related to the surface area, acidity and basicity of the MO/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂ catalyst for the synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH^[36]

Catalyst	DMC amount /(mmol·g⁻¹)	Surface area /(m²·g⁻¹)^a	Acidity /(mol·g⁻¹)^b	Basicity /(mol·g⁻¹)^c
Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂	0.75	53.8	85.7	17.0
Ga₂O₃/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂	2.4	50.0	226.3	121.8
La₂O₃/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂	2.1	52.2	210.4	110.8
Ni₂O₃/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂	1.85	42.8	188.6	94.2
Fe₂O₃/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂	1.83	48.1	180.1	88.0
Y₂O₃/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂	1.8	45.8	164.5	84.6
Co₃O₄/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂	1.7	43.4	146.5	78.3
Al₂O₃/Ce_0.6Zr_0.4O₂	1.5	41.9	132.6	68.2
notes: ^a: the surface area was calculated by the BET (Brunauer-Emmett-Teller) equation, ^b: acidity was determined by NH₃-TPD measurement, ^c: the basicity the CO₂-TPD measurement

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表 8 基于Eley-Rideal和Langmuir-Hinshelwood的反应机制^[33,37]

Table 8 Reaction mechanisms for the synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH, based on the Eley-Rideal and Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanisms^[33,37]

Elementary reaction	Eley-Rideal mechanism	Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism
S1	MeOH + * ↔ MeOH*	CO₂ + * ↔ CO₂*
S2	MeOH* + CO₂ ↔ MC*	MeOH + * ↔ MeOH*
S3	MC* + MeOH* ↔ DMC + H₂O + *	2MeOH* + CO₂* ↔ DMC* + H₂O* + *
S4		DMC* ↔ DMC + *
S5		H₂O* ↔ H₂O + *
Controlling step	S2	S3 or S1
Apparent rate law	R = k[CO₂][MeOH][*]	R = k[CO₂][MeOH]²[] or R = k[CO₂][]³
*: Active sites; MC: methyl carbonate

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表 9 Cu-Ni合金催化剂上CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC催化性能

Table 9 Catalytic performance of the Cu-Ni alloy for the synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH

Catalyst	t /℃	p / × 10⁶ Pa	x /%	s /%	Ref.
Cu-Ni/VSO	140	0.9	2.4	87.2	[49]
Cu-Ni/MWCNT	120	1.2	4.44	91	[50]
Cu-Ni/HNTs	130	1.2	7.85	89	[53]
Cu-Ni/GO	105	1.2	9.0	88.0	[54]
Cu-Ni/MS	120	1.1	5.0	86.0	[55]
Cu-Ni/VAC	110	1.2	7.76	89.9	[56]
Cu-Ni/VSiO	140	1.2	4.2	93.1	[57]
MWCNT: multi-walled carbon nanotubes; HNTs: halloysite nanotubes; GO: graphite oxide; VAC: vanadium doped with activated carbon

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表 10 杂多酸催化剂上CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC催化性能

Table 10 Performance of the heteropolyacid catalysts for the synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH

Catalyst	t /℃	p / × 10⁶ Pa	x /%	s /%	Ref.
Co_1.5PW₁₂O₄₀	200	0.1	7.6	86.5	[66]
Fe_1.5PMo₁₂O₄₀	80	0.25	0.18	24.18	[67]
Co_1.5PMo₁₂O₄₀	80	0.25	0.51	54.12	[67]
Fe_1.5PW₁₂O₄₀	80	0.25	0.51	61.87	[67]
Co_1.5PW₁₂O₄₀	80	0.25	1.53	69.00	[67]
H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/ZrO₂	100	1.0	4.0	100	[68]
H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/ZrO₂	170	5.0	4.5	89.9	[69]
H₃PW₁₂O₄₀/Ce_0.1Ti_0.9O₂	170	5.0	5.5	91.4	[70]

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表 11 不同催化-脱水体系中CO₂和CH₃OH合成DMC性能

Table 11 Performance of various catalytic-dehydration systems for the synthesis of DMC from CO₂ and CH₃OH

Catalysts-dehydrants agent	t /℃	p / × 10⁶ Pa	x /%	s /%	Ref.
CeO₂-2–CP	120	20	95	99	[71]
CeO₂-2–CP	120	5.0	97	99	[72]
CeO₂-2–CP	120	3.0	88	100	[77]
Ce_0.5Zr_0.5O₂-TMM	100	12.0	10.4	100	[78]
NiL₂-DCC	80	1.0	61	100	[80]
Cu-Ni/diatomite-3A MS	120	1.2	6.5	91.2	[82]
Bu₂SnO- CaC₂	180	15.0	11.3	100	[83]
KCl-DBC	140	1.5	40	100	[84]
CuCeO₂-MTCL	140	5.0	14	80	[85]
MS: molecular sieves

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