Production of high-value chemicals from starch food waste by chemical conversions
-
摘要: 餐厨垃圾是城市垃圾的主要组成部分，同时具有危害性与资源性双重属性。工业化餐厨垃圾处理方法主要以填埋、焚烧发电和厌氧发酵为主，高值化利用方法和技术仍然欠缺，严重制约了餐厨垃圾的资源化发展。本工作首先介绍了淀粉类餐厨垃圾的特性、现有处理技术及预处理方法，并对当前技术手段的优劣进行阐述。最后，介绍了淀粉类餐厨垃圾制备葡萄糖、5-羟甲基糠醛、乙酰丙酸（酯）、γ-戊内酯和乳酸（酯）等高附加值化学品的方法和反应机理，归纳并总结了化学法催化淀粉类餐厨垃圾转化制备高附加值化学品依旧存在的问题与不足。尽管如此，化学转化法是实现淀粉类餐厨垃圾绿色、资源化利用的有效手段之一。Abstract: With the acceleration of industrialization and urbanization, living standards in China have risen significantly, leading to substantial changes in consumption patterns. Consequently, the scale of the catering market has expanded annually, resulting in a corresponding increase in urban kitchen waste. Kitchen waste, the primary component of municipal waste, possesses both harmful and resource-rich properties. Traditional food waste treatment methods, such as incineration, landfill, and anaerobic fermentation, are extensive in scale, however, they may also suffer from several issues, e.g. secondary environmental pollution, low resource utilization rates, limited value-added outcomes. Advanced methods and technologies for high-value utilization are under development, severely restricting the utilization of food waste. The harmless and resourceful utilization of food waste will become a new trend in the future. Starch is the main component of kitchen waste, such as flour food, rice and potatoes. Thus, the development of chemical conversion methods to convert starch-rich waste is urgent. In this paper, the characteristics, existing treatment technologies and pretreatment methods of starch food waste are systematically introduced. The composition of kitchen waste is complex, including common components such as starch, oil, protein, and fiber, as well as potential impurities like plastics and metals. To achieve high-value conversion of starch-rich food waste, it is crucial to arrange appropriate pre-sorting, pre-processing, and other pretreatment processes based on the specific characteristics of different food waste sources and subsequent conversion requirements. The resource utilization technology for starch-based food waste is primarily categorized into three types: non-biological treatment, biological treatment, and chemical treatment. These technologies convert starch food waste into various products, enabling the diversified utilization of food waste. Then, the catalytic system for the conversion different starch food wastes to chemicals such as glucose, 5-hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF), levulinic acid (ester), γ-valerolactone(GVL) and lactic acid (ester) were introduced. Researchers have made great progress by using acid catalysts to catalyze the hydrolysis of starch raw materials to produce glucose, HMF and levulinic acid. The reaction mechanism can be regarded as: H+ combines with the oxygen atom of the glycoside bond to protonate and generate conjugated acid. Then, the conjugated acid breaks the C−O bond under the attack of water molecules, and generates hydroxyl, and finally the protonated glucose removes H+ to produce glucose. Glucose can be converted into HMF through two pathways: (1) Glucose is isomerized at acid sites to produce fructose, which is then dehydrated to form HMF. (2) Glucose is directly dehydrated to produce HMF under high-temperature conditions. Levulinic acid is produced from the further hydrolysis of glucose or HMF, while levulinate and GVL could be produced through alcoholysis reaction. For lactic acid (ester) production, both acid and basic catalysts showed excellent reactivity in the conversion of starch. Starch was firstly transformed into glucose, and then further isomerized to produce fructose. Fructose underwent inverse aldol condensation reaction to produce glyceraldehyde intermediates, and further underwent the addition and isomerization reactions to produce lactic acid (ester). Finally, the existing challenges and prospects in the chemical conversion of starch food waste into high-value chemicals were outlined. Presently, chemical treatment of kitchen waste remains primarily at the laboratory research stage, featured with high costs and suboptimal economic returns. Nonetheless, chemical treatment of kitchen waste typically boasts high rates of resource recycling and entails a lengthy project industry chain.
-
Key words:
- starch /
- kitchen waste /
- biomass /
- organic compounds
1) #：共同第一作者 -
图 6 淀粉醇解制备乙酰丙酸乙酯反应路径示意图
Figure 6 Reaction pathway for starch alcoholysis to produce ethyl levulinate
图 7 淀粉转化制备GVL串联反应路径示意图
Figure 7 Tandem reaction pathway for the conversion of starch to produce GVL
-
[1] 潘翔, 张铭, 张焦, 等. 餐厨垃圾厌氧处理技术研究进展[J]. 广东化工,2024,51(5):114−115+113. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-1865.2024.05.033.PANG Xiang, ZHANG Ming, ZHANG Jiao, et al. Research progress of food waste anaerobic digestion technology[J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry,2024,51(5):114−115+113. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-1865.2024.05.033. [2] 辛梓弘. 餐厨垃圾处理技术研究[J]. 当代化工研究,2022,09:63−65. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8114.2022.06.021XIN Zihong. Study on food waste treatment technologies[J]. Modern Chemical Research,2022,09:63−65. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1672-8114.2022.06.021 [3] 邓松圣, 冷夕杜, 戴飞. 餐厨垃圾处理的恶臭气体产生与控制对策探讨[J]. 资源节约与环保,2022,03:77−80. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-2251.2022.10.020DENG Songsheng, LENG Xidu, DAI Fei. Discussion on the generation and control measures of odorous gases in food waste treatment[J]. Resources Economization & Environmental Protection,2022,03:77−80. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1673-2251.2022.10.020 [4] KUMAR V B, PULIDINDI I N, GEDANKEN A. Selective conversion of starch to glucose using carbon based solid acid catalyst[J]. Renew Energy,2015,78:141−145. doi: 10.1016/j.renene.2014.12.070 [5] 崔文静, 陆敏博. 餐厨垃圾处理现状及今后发展趋势[J]. 广东化工,2021,48(19):140−141. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-1865.2021.19.066CUI Wenjing, LU Minbo. The present disposing situation and development trend of kitchen waste[J]. Guangdong Chemical Industry,2021,48(19):140−141. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1007-1865.2021.19.066 [6] 易志刚. 餐厨垃圾收运与资源化利用研究进展[J]. 中国资源综合利用,2021,39(12):116−119+125. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-9500.2021.12.032YI Zhigang. Research progress on the collection, transportation and resource utilization of kitchen waste[J]. China Resources Comprehensive Utilization,2021,39(12):116−119+125. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-9500.2021.12.032 [7] 周俊, 王梦瑶, 王改红, 等. 餐厨垃圾资源化利用技术研究现状及展望[J]. 生物资源,2020,42(1):87−96.ZHOU Jun, WANG Mengyao, WANG gaihong, et al. Research status and prospect of food waste utilization technology[J]. Biotic Resources,2020,42(1):87−96. [8] 王丽华, 李宇宸, 韩聪. 城市餐厨垃圾处理技术分析及思路分析[J]. 中国资源综合利用,2018,12(36):73−75. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-9500.2018.12.022WANG Lihua, LIU Yuchen, HAN Cong. Technical analysis and thinking analysis of urban kitchen waste treatment technology[J]. China Resources Comprehensive Utilization,2018,12(36):73−75. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1008-9500.2018.12.022 [9] 陈必鸣. 餐厨垃圾预处理技术综述[J]. 环境卫生工程,2015,23(5):10−12. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-8206.2015.05.004CHEN Biming. Food waste pretreatment technologies[J]. Environmental Sanitation Engineering,2015,23(5):10−12. doi: 10.3969/j.issn.1005-8206.2015.05.004 [10] 李游, 刘喜, 赵石铁, 等. 餐厨垃圾资源化处理预处理方案对比分析[J]. 环境与发展,2019,31(11):218−219+222.LI You, LIU Xi, ZHAO Shitie, et al. Comparative analysis of the pretreatment schemes for recycling treatment of food waste[J]. Environment and Development,2019,31(11):218−219+222. [11] HUANG Y B, Fu Y. Hydrolysis of cellulose to glucose by solid acid catalysts[J]. Green Chem,2013,15:1095−1111. doi: 10.1039/c3gc40136g [12] ONDA A. Selective hydrolysis of cellulose and polysaccharides into sugars by catalytic hydrothermal method using sulfonated activated-carbon[J]. J Jpn Pet Inst,2012,55(2):73−86. doi: 10.1627/jpi.55.73 [13] RAJKUMAR T, RAO G R. Porous hydrous zirconia supported 12-tungstophosphoric acid catalysts for liquid-phase esterification of 2-ethyl-1-hexanol[J]. J Mol Catal A Chem,2008,295:1−9. doi: 10.1016/j.molcata.2008.08.008 [14] ZHU S, LI J, CHENG F, et al. Forming a Cu-based catalyst for efficient hydrogenation conversion of starch into glucose[J]. Catalysts,2024,14:132. doi: 10.3390/catal14020132 [15] KUMAR V B, PULIDINI A, Indra N, GEDANKEN A. Glucose production from potato peel waste under microwave irradiatio[J]. J Mol Catal A Chem,2016,417:163−167. doi: 10.1016/j.molcata.2016.03.025 [16] YU I K M, TSANG D C W, YIP A C K, et al. Valorization of food waste into hydroxymethylfurfural: Dual role of metal ions in successive conversion steps[J]. Bioresource Technol,2016,219:338−347. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.08.002 [17] BOZELL J J, PETERSEN G R. Technology development for the production of biobased products from biorefinery carbohydrates-the US Department of Energy’s “Top 10” revisited[J]. Green Chem,2010,12:539−554. doi: 10.1039/b922014c [18] FAN W, VERRIER C, QUENEAU Y, et al. 5-Hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) in organic synthesis: A review of its recent applications towards fine chemicals[J]. Curr Org Synth,2019,16:583−614. doi: 10.2174/1570179416666190412164738 [19] MUKHERJEE A, DUMONT M J, RAGHAVAN V. Review: sustainable production of hydroxymethylfurfural and levulinic acid: challenges and opportunities[J]. Biomass Bioenergy,2015,72:143−183. doi: 10.1016/j.biombioe.2014.11.007 [20] COVADONGA L T, ALMUDENA L, BEATRIZ C, et al. Microwave heating for the catalytic conversion of melon rind waste into biofuel precursors[J]. J Clean Prod,2016,138:59−69. doi: 10.1016/j.jclepro.2016.03.122 [21] YU I K M, TSANG D C W, CHEN S S, et al. Polar aprotic solvent-water mixture as the medium for catalytic production of hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF) from bread waste[J]. Bioresource Technol,2017,245:456−462. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.08.170 [22] XIONG X, YU I K M, CHEN S S, et al. Sulfonated biochar as acid catalyst for sugar hydrolysis and dehydration[J]. Catal Today,2018,314:52−61. doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.02.034 [23] PARSHETTI G K. , SURYAHARMA M S, PHAM T P T, et al. Heterogeneous catalyst-assisted thermochemical conversion of food waste biomass into 5-hydroxymethylfurfural[J]. Bioresource Technol,2015,178:19−27. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2014.10.066 [24] YU I K M, TSANG D C W, YIP A C K, et al. Valorization of starchy, cellulosic, and sugary food waste into hydroxymethylfurfural by one-pot catalysis[J]. Chemosphere,2017,184:1099−1107. doi: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2017.06.095 [25] YU I K M, TSANG D C W, YIP A C K, et al. Catalytic valorization of starch-rich food waste into hydroxymethylfurfural (HMF): Controlling relative kinetics for high productivity[J]. Bioresource Technol,2017,237:222−230. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.01.017 [26] YU I K M, TSANG D C W, YIP A C K, et al. Contrasting roles of maleic acid in controlling kinetics and selectivity of Sn(IV)- and Cr(III)-catalyzed hydroxymethylfurfural synthesis[J]. ACS Sustain Chem Eng,2018,6:14264−14274. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b02931 [27] YU I K M, ONG K L, TSANG D C W, et al. Chemical transformation of food and beverage waste-derived fructose to hydroxymethylfurfural as a value-added product[J]. Catal Today,2018,314:70−77. doi: 10.1016/j.cattod.2018.01.011 [28] CAO L, YU I K M, TSANG D C W, et al. Production of 5-hydroxymethylfurfural from starch-rich food waste catalyzed by sulfonated biochar[J]. Bioresource Technol,2018,252:76−82. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.098 [29] CAO L, YU I K M, TSANG D C W, et al. Phosphoric acid-activated wood biochar for catalytic conversion of starch-rich food waste into glucose and 5-hydroxymethylfurfural[J]. Bioresource Technol,2018,267:242−248. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.07.048 [30] FLANNELLY T, LOPES M, KUPIANINE L, et al. Non-stoichiometric formation of formic and levulinic acids from the hydrolysis of biomass derived hexose carbohydrates[J]. RSC Adv,2016,6:5797−5804. doi: 10.1039/C5RA25172A [31] PILEDIS F D, TITIRICI M M. Levulinic acid biorefineries: new challenges for efficient utilization of biomass[J]. ChemSusChem,2016,9:562−582. doi: 10.1002/cssc.201501405 [32] RITTER S. Biorefinery gets ready to deliver the goods[J]. Chem Eng News,2006,84:34−47. [33] CHEN S S, YU I K M, TSANG D C W, et al. Valorization of cellulosic food waste into levulinic acid catalyzed by heterogeneous Brønsted acids: Temperature and solvent effects[J]. Chem Eng J,2017,327:328−335. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2017.06.108 [34] DUTTA S, YU I K M, FAN J, et al. Critical factors for levulinic acid production from starch-rich food waste: solvent effects, reaction pressure, and phase separation[J]. Green Chem,2022,24:163−175. doi: 10.1039/D1GC01948A [35] XU Z M, LUO J Y, HUANG Y B. Recent advances in the chemical valorization of cellulose and its derivatives into ester compounds[J]. Green Chem,2022,24:3895−3921. doi: 10.1039/D2GC00377E [36] LUIGI B, GEORGIA A, CAMILLA B, et al. Lewis-Brønsted acid catalysed ethanolysis of the organic fraction of municipal solid waste for efficient production of biofuels[J]. Bioresource Technol,2018,266:297−305. doi: 10.1016/j.biortech.2018.06.110 [37] DU X L, HE L, ZHAO S, et al. Hydrogen-independent reductive transformation of carbohydrate biomass into γ-valerolactone and pyrrolidone derivatives with supported gold catalysts[J]. Angew Chem Int Ed,2011,123:7961−7965. doi: 10.1002/ange.201100102 [38] ISTVAN T H, HASAN M, VIKTORIA F, et al. γ-Valerolactone-a sustainable liquid for energy and carbon-based chemicals[J]. Green Chem,2008,10:238−242. doi: 10.1039/B712863K [39] BOND J Q, ALONSO D M, WANG D, et al. Integrated catalytic conversion of γ-valerolactone to liquid alkenes for transportation fuels[J]. Science,2010,327:1110−1114. doi: 10.1126/science.1184362 [40] MOHAMMAD G A, ADAM D, REGINA P. Solvent-free γ-valerolactone hydrogenation to 2-methyltetrahydrofuran catalysed by Ru/C: a reaction network analysis[J]. Green Chem,2014,16:1358−1364. doi: 10.1039/C3GC41803K [41] DU X, BI Q, LIU Y, et al. Tunable copper-catalyzed chemoselective hydrogenolysis of biomass-derived γ-valerolactone into 1, 4-pentanediol or 2-methyltetrahydrofuran[J]. Green Chem,2012,14:935−939. doi: 10.1039/c2gc16599f [42] HUANG Y B, YANG T, LUO Y J, et al. Simple and efficient conversion of cellulose to γ-valerolactone through an integrated alcoholysis/transfer hydrogenation system using Ru and aluminium sulfate catalysts[J]. Catal Sci Technol,2018,8:6252−6262. doi: 10.1039/C8CY01971A [43] CUI J L, TAN J J, DENG T S, et al. Direct conversion of carbohydrates to γ-valerolactone facilitated by a solvent effect[J]. Green Chem,2015,17:3084−3089. doi: 10.1039/C5GC00110B [44] REN H F, ZHU D L, JI F L, et al. One-pot conversion of carbohydrates into gamma-valerolactone under the coordination of heteropoly acid based ionic liquid and Ru/ZrO2 in water media[J]. J Chem Technol Biotechnol,2019,94(7):2355−2363. doi: 10.1002/jctb.6031 [45] JIN F M, ENOMOTO H. Rapid and highly selective conversion of biomass into value-added products in hydrothermal conditions: chemistry of acid/base-catalysed and oxidation reactions[J]. Energ Environ Sci,2011,4:382−397. doi: 10.1039/C004268D [46] DATTA R, TSAI S P, BONSIGNORE P, et al. Technological and economic potential of poly(lactic acid) and lactic acid derivatives[J]. FEMS Microbiol Rev,1995,16:221−231. doi: 10.1111/j.1574-6976.1995.tb00168.x [47] MARTIN S H, SHUNMUGAVEL S, ESBEN T. Conversion of sugars to lactic acid derivatives using heterogeneous zeotype catalysts[J]. Science,2010,328:602−605. doi: 10.1126/science.1183990 [48] YANG X M, LIU Y, LI X X, et al. Synthesis of Sn-containing nanosized beta zeolite as efficient catalyst for transformation of glucose to methyl lactate[J]. Acs Sustain Chem Eng,2018,6:8256−8265. doi: 10.1021/acssuschemeng.8b00177 [49] SÁNVHEZ C, SERRANO L, PONTE R L, et al. Bread residues conversion into lactic acid by alkaline hydrothermal treatments[J]. Chem Eng J,2014,250:326−330. doi: 10.1016/j.cej.2014.04.023 [50] YANG L, YANG X K, TIAN E, et al. Mechanistic insights into the production of methyl lactate by catalytic conversion of carbohydrates on mesoporous Zr-SBA-15[J]. J Catal,2016,333:207−216. doi: 10.1016/j.jcat.2015.10.013 -
下载:
点击查看大图
图(8)
计量
- 文章访问数: 135
- HTML全文浏览量: 42
- PDF下载量: 12
- 被引次数: 0
